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Critiquing the Intellectual Dark Web: Michael Brooks’ “Against the Web”

Peterson comes across no better in Brooks’ telling. He acknowledges that much of the Canadian psychologist’s self-help is quite useful, and he even jokingly admits that many leftists could do with some tough love about cleaning their room.”

Introduction

In 2018, the world was introduced to the “Intellectual Dark Web” in the pages of The New York Times. The Intellectual Dark Web (IDW) was described as a collection of intellectuals and academics who varied ideologically but were united in their disdain for progressive identity politics and political correctness (PC) culture. It included religious conservatives such as Ben Shapiro, academics like Jordan Peterson, members of the New Atheist movement such as Sam Harris, and libertarians like Christina Hoff Sommers. Since then, the IDW has been subject to both unstinting praise from fans, as well as relentless critiques by opponents (including myself). To fans, the IDW is a necessary corrective to powerful and dangerous progressive movements threatening freedom of speech, social stability, and even Western civilization itself. To its fiercest critics, the IDW is a screen for advancing controversial views about race, ethnicity, and capitalism under the pretentious veil of being reasonable. Personally, I simply wish the more sophisticated members of the IDW took their ideological opponents seriously enough to mount well-reasoned criticisms. All too often, figures such as Peterson and Shapiro take pot shots at straw men, rather than actually dealing with progressive arguments in a rigorous way.

Michael Brooks, the host of The Michael Brooks Show, recently published an excellent new book entitled Against the Web, which distills many of these criticisms into a very handy and highly readable tome. Released with the critical theory outlet Zero Books (which—full disclosure—also publishes the works of  yours truly), Brooks’ book does much to respond both critically and constructively to the Intellectual Dark Web. Anyone with an interest in contemporary politics and the culture war should find it engaging. 

It offers progressives powerful arguments against the Intellectual Dark Web’s positions, while sketching out a moving alternative to life in the Vampire Castle of cancel culture and PC policing.

Naturalizing Hierarchy 

Brooks devotes a chapter-a-piece to criticizing the main intellectual figures of the IDW, starting with Sam Harris, moving through to Jordan Peterson, and concluding with Ben Shapiro. Each figure gets treated seriously, as Brooks reads through their major works and points out where they make serious errors or engage in recklessly dangerous polemecism under the guise of being more “reasonable.” Despite their substantive ideological and philosophical differences, Brooks notes that each of the major thinkers of the IDW falls into the same trap of trying to explain away injustices through naturalizing or mythologizing them. As Brooks puts it in the first chapter:

“They all defend the capitalist economic order domestically and American imperial hegemony globally. They all see themselves as defenders of a poorly understood (and frankly historically illiterate) construct called ‘the West.’ They all defend what they imagine to be ‘biology’ against feminists, and at least some of them—like Sam Harris, who’s supported the odiously far right and overly bigoted Charles Murray—defend a similar stance when it comes to race. Crucially, in all of these areas the IDW promotes narratives that either naturalize or mythologize historically contingent power relations—between workers and bosses, between men and women, they are old school reactionaries.”

The members of the IDW also fail to engage seriously with their more effective opponents’ ideas and criticisms. They either ignore them ala Harris, engage in crude and misleading generalizations ala Peterson, or outright refuse to face them ala Ben Shapiro’s disastrous interview with Andrew Neil. Despite this, Brooks does acknowledge where they make intelligent points, and he concludes the book with a call for a more cosmopolitan, funnier, and engaged Left 

The quality of Brooks’ criticism is consistently high, combining scathing wit with impressive erudition and a willingness to acknowledge where his opponents may have a point. The longest chapter is dedicated to Sam Harris, who in Brooks’ reading comes across as the most intelligent member of the IDW. Brooks’ main criticism of Harris concerns the latter’s tendency to present extremely contentious moral claims as though they are self-evidently reasonable. When Harris is confronted on these tactics, he tends to back down from his claims by characterizing them as mere thought experiments. The most glaring example concerned Harris’ extremely controversial argument in The End of Faith, where he claimed it may be necessary to launch a nuclear first strike against a weapons-of-mass-destruction-armed Islamic country, even accepting that this might result in tens of millions of deaths: 

“What will we do if an Islamist regime, which grows dewy-eyed at the mere mention of paradise, ever acquires long-range  nuclear weaponry? If history is any guide, we will not be sure about where the offending warheads are or  what their state of readiness is, and so we will be unable to rely on targeted, conventional weapons to  destroy them. In such a situation, the only thing likely to ensure our survival may be a nuclear first strike of  our own. Needless to say, this would be an unthinkable crime—as it would kill tens of millions of innocent  civilians in a single day—but it may be the only course of action available to us, given  what Islamists believe.”

When confronted with the horrifying nature of such an argument, Harris backed away and called it a “thought experiment,” thus abandoning any responsibility for the genocidal dimensions of the claim—or the actions of anyone influenced by it.  More importantly, according to Brooks, Harris’ tendency to frame these issues as abstract moral problems (thought experiments) confuses and obscures a lot of the history surrounding actual conflicts. When Harris describes the Taliban or the Iranian theocracy as serious threats to our way of life, he fails to acknowledge the role American and European powers played in destabilizing the Middle East and facilitating the rise of radicalism. The most obvious example was the installment of the Shah in Iran, who ran a brutal and dictatorial regime that was overthrown in 1979. By failing to acknowledge this history—and simply calling for more bloodshed to “ensure our survival”—Harris divorces his claims from material reality and treats the lives of people in the region as mere quanta in speculative moral calculations. 

This is a refreshing commentary on a very annoying social trend, which has become rather ubiquitous on the political right. Simply invoking “reason” and “logic” as though they are words of prayer does not magically make one’s argument reasonable or logical (these fallacies were well explored by Ben Burgis in his book Give Them an Argument: Logic for the Left). All too often reason and logic seem to be little more than placeholder terms meant to dignify bad arguments with rhetorical glamor. When Harris presents nuclear annihilation as a rational “thought experiment,” or defends the use of force to advance American interests while condemning its use by Islamic states, he is being neither reasonable nor logical. Instead, Harris is making very thin arguments for controversial positions, and we deserve better. 

Peterson comes across no better in Brooks’ telling. He acknowledges that much of the Canadian psychologist’s self-help is quite useful, and he even jokingly admits that many leftists could do with some tough love about cleaning their room. But Brooks lampoons Peterson’s ahistorical and simplistic reading of the political left as dominated by “post-modern neo-Marxists.” He points out that his characterization of Derrida and Foucault as reformed Marxist radicals gets their thinking entirely wrong; in the 1960’s, the Marxist Jean Paul Sartre even lampooned Foucault as the “last barricade the bourgeoise can erect against Marx.” Neither thinker was hugely indebted to Marx; Foucault called himself as Nietzschean, and Derrida was inspired by German existentialists such as Martin Heidegger. Ironically, these are both figures Peterson himself holds in high regard. Brooks also criticizes Peterson for not really dealing with the political left’s critiques of capitalism and instead invoking straw man claims about resisting “equality of outcome”—or pointing to the existence of lobster hierarchies to defend the status quo. As Brooks points out, the political left has often acknowledged the power of capitalism, including Marx himself who thought it was the highest form of economic organization yet to emerge. What leftists are concerned about are the hundreds of millions who are still left behind, despite the tremendous productive power of capitalism. As such, they seek new forms of social organization that will be more egalitarian and beneficial to all. Leftists also readily acknowledge the need for social hierarchies. Their arguments concern which kind of hierarchies are acceptable; and that is where the break with figures such as Peterson comes in. Unfortunately, none of this complexity is presented in Peterson’s rhetorical bites against the Left—possibly because he is simply unaware of it. As Brooks points out, Peterson’s admission he had not read The Communist Manifesto-a tiny pamphlet-since he was 18 is telling.  

The last critical Chapter of Against the Web discusses Ben Shapiro, and even references  my review of Shapiro’s book in Merion West. Brooks clearly takes Shapiro less seriously than Harris or Peterson, largely because Shapiro himself did not seem much more than a stock right-wing polemicist until recently. With the release of The Right Side of History, Shapiro appeared to take a more serious stab at outgrowing his reputation as a partisan by presenting a more intellectually rigorous work. Here, I do think Brooks could have been a little more rigorous in his analysis of Shapiro’s argument. While I do not think Shapiro’s position ultimately holds up (and I explained why in detail in the review), Brooks does devote much more time to castigating Shapiro’s catty behavior than criticizing his substantive positions. Oftentimes, this is very funny because Brooks is a gifted wit. However, a more substantive critique of Shapiro’s claims that the West was built on the twin influences of Athens and Jerusalem would have been useful. With that said, Brooks does make an absolutely brutal point when he observes that Shapiro simply ignores the fact that Islam is also a monotheistic faith with a long history of rich intellectual engagement with Grecian thinking. Despite these similarities, Shapiro either ignores or arbitrarily insists that these commonalities are irrelevant while carrying on with fear-mongering about Islam. 

Conclusion 

The last part of Brooks’ book is the most interesting but sadly is the least likely to be discussed. Drawing on Mark Fisher’s seminal essay “Exiting the Vampire Castle,” Brooks acknowledges that many leftists have alienated people through tactics of shaming and ostracization. Rather than trying to win converts, many on the Left have taken to condemning anyone who disagrees with them in the strongest possible terms, while refusing to countenance any moral failings in the past. Brooks argues, rightly, that this is a seriously bad decision. He argues that a rejuvenated Left should dedicate itself to “cosmopolitan socialism” ala Cornell West, Amartya Sen, and C.L.R James. Each of these figures rightly criticizes Orientalist and racist narratives suggesting that only European cultures produced anything of great or lasting worth. But they also happily acknowledge the genius of works by Shakespeare, Enlightenment philosophy, and so on.  This is in stark contrast to leftists in the Vampire Castle, who insist that there is nothing to learn from figures such Hegel or Wollstonecraft: 

“…Much of the ‘ancient western tradition’ was in fact highly geographically and intellectually diverse and included African and pan-Asian sources that are misleadingly remembered—and misleadingly  whitened—as merely ‘Greek’ or ‘Roman.’ But to underline the larger point I am trying to make: Instead of policing each other’s influences and enjoyments for evidence of ‘cultural  appropriation,’ we should all strive to emulate the curiosity and rigor of the great Christian  revolutionary intellectual Cornel West, who explores the echoes between Anton Chekhov and the blues with no interest in drawing artificial lines between cultures.”

This argument is very inspiring, and I, myself, have also made calls for a more engaged and curious left along the lines argued by Brooks. I hope that Against the Web is followed up by a book extending this position in more detail. As it stands, the book is an important and very readable contribution to a key debate of our time. It offers progressives powerful arguments against the Intellectual Dark Web’s positions, while sketching out a moving alternative to life in the Vampire Castle of cancel culture and PC policing. If there is any justice, then Against the Web will be read by almost everyone.

Matt McManus is Professor of Politics and International Relations at Tec de Monterrey, and the author of Making Human Dignity Central to International Human Rights Law and The Rise of Post-Modern Conservatism. His new projects include co-authoring a critical monograph on Jordan Peterson and a book on liberal rights for Palgrave MacMillan. Matt can be reached at mattmcmanus300@gmail.com or added on twitter vie @mattpolprof

17 thoughts on “Critiquing the Intellectual Dark Web: Michael Brooks’ “Against the Web”

  1. I have some thoughts about the Peterson section of this article.

    It’s refreshing that Brooks can separate the psychologically useful aspects of Peterson’s content from his political criticism. I discovered Peterson’s ’12 Rules’ concepts before I was aware of the rest of it, and was later surprised to find that so many people deemed him a hate monger.

    I don’t really agree that Peterson’s accusation of ‘Cultural Marxism’ is just an unsupported means of dismissing difficult arguments. I was once dismissive of the term, but Peterson rather effectively shows the parallel between many of Marx’s own tools of persuasion (or those of his followers) and the tools employed by the current ‘internet left’ (or whatever you want to call them). Some examples I can think of from his lectures are:

    – The complete reduction of dissenting opinions to being influenced by ‘patriarchal’ (or privileged, or male) ideas, the way the Marxist would reduce their critics to being influenced by ‘bourgeois’ ideas. While these claims aren’t necessarily incorrect, they are not sufficient to refute real criticism. If we’re speaking strictly from the grounds of formal reasoning, affiliations are non sequiturs. See ‘Bulverism’.

    – The portrayal of social conflict as strictly a struggle between the privileged classes trying to maintain their position, and non privileged classes trying to attain equality, the way Marx reduced all social conflict to class struggle between the capitalist/bourgeois and the proletariat.

    – The use of one’s affiliation with one or more privileged classes as evidence of guilt.

    – The manipulation of common terms and linguistic ambiguity to create implicit argumentative advantages.

    I’m sure I could think of others, but you get the idea. Once these ideas are established (or at least presented), they can serve as a foundation for the claim Cultural Marxism without needing to be rehashed.

    The point about Derrida and Foucault could be valid, but I’m not sure it’s that important. One can’t really crawl around the subconscious of a philosopher and determine their influences. I know do know Foucault was a Communist, so it’s hard to imagine he wasn’t influenced by Marx (although, many Communists were critical of his ideas).

    That’s enough for now. Thanks for reading.

  2. “They all defend the capitalist economic order domestically and American imperial hegemony globally. They all see themselves as defenders of a poorly understood (and frankly historically illiterate) construct called ‘the West.’ They all defend what they imagine to be ‘biology’ against feminists, and at least some of them—like Sam Harris, who’s supported the odiously far right and overly bigoted Charles Murray—defend a similar stance when it comes to race. Crucially, in all of these areas the IDW promotes narratives that either naturalize or mythologize historically contingent power relations—between workers and bosses, between men and women, they are old school reactionaries.” This what passes for not `strawmanning’ the IDW

    1. He’s speaking specifically about the three IDW figures discussed in his book—Harris, Peterson, and Shapiro. The passage quoted here even debunks your argument that it’s a straw-man smear. First he discusses arguments the three of them ALL use, and then he separates them to discuss a particular idea that only Sam Harris has publicly engaged with. If Brooks was taking Harris’ tolerance of so-called “race science” and then attributing that to Peterson and Shapiro, then yes, he’d be guilty of painting them all with too broad a brush. But he didn’t…he was actually pretty specific and accurate.

      1. I don’t think it’s accurate to describe Charles Murray (or Sam Harris) as “odiously far right and overly [sic] bigoted.”

          1. W.H. probably reasonably thinks “overly” was meant to be “overtly”. “Overly” in that sentence implies that some bigotry is OK, but Charles Murray just has too much of it.

  3. Much to criticise here but it’ll be for naught. Anyway — and speaking from the Left because denoting that seems to be so damn important around here — one little section struck me:

    “Rather than trying to win converts, many on the Left have taken to
    condemning anyone who disagrees with them in the strongest possible
    terms, while refusing to countenance any moral failings in the past.
    Brooks argues, rightly, that this is a seriously bad decision.”

    A decision ?? As if those folks were simply just poor strategists. Nope, it couldn’t possibly be because of arrogance and self-righteousness, of a profound need to belong to a ‘superior’ tribe, or a result of the intellectual pathology behind believing one has the received wisdom. To Mr. McManus and Mr. Brooks: Burn your own church.

    1. You’re not familiar with Michael Brooks, are you? Trust me— he has no qualms about critiquing the left-twittersphere using the same words you just did; “arrogance”, “self-righteousness”, and “pathology” is possibly one of his all-time favourite words.
      Read his book and I honestly don’t think you’ll be disappointed when it comes to his argument against the Vampire Castle Leftists.

      1. You clearly didn’t understand what I wrote. And this is not about the left-twittersphere as you and Mr. Brooks seem to think. It includes a significant chunk of the left that is more accurately referred to as the regressive left, you know the tribal component, and it cannot just be explained away as a bunch of confused outliers as Mr. Brooks and Mr. McManus believe (or hope). Indeed, doing so just shows how much the two are just part of the problem.

        1. And the irony is that Brooks is one of the prime examples of dishonest, regressive left charlatans who attacks everyone who criticizes Islam as a “bigot.” The man is a fool.

  4. Please tell me I am not the only one to laugh out loud at the hypocrisy and absolute lack of any self-awareness in the author’s conclusion that “ The last part of Brooks’ book is the most interesting but sadly is the least likely to be discussed. Drawing on Mark Fisher’s seminal essay “Exiting the Vampire Castle,” Brooks acknowledges that many leftists have alienated people through tactics of shaming and ostracization. Rather than trying to win converts, many on the Left have taken to condemning anyone who disagrees with them in the strongest possible terms, while refusing to countenance any moral failings in the past. Brooks argues, rightly, that this is a seriously bad decision.” This might be the first example in history of someone trolling themselves! Alas, it is just further evidence of the dogma and bigotry that infects academia these days. Denial Matt, is not a river in Africa.

  5. Just as language refers to gender far more than necessary, language leans toward an absolute tone unless one goes to the trouble of prefacing everything with “I think” or “in my opinion”–but most don’t. So, one needs to judge how attached a speaker is to their assertions. Invariably, the more attachment, the dumber the idea.

    It’s clear the IDW strive to get beyond their attachment to any idea. McManus, Hamilton, and now Brooks–not so much. That’s why they misconstrue the IDWs ideas as far more absolute than they are.

    For me and in my opinion, McManus’ interview with Molyneax removed all doubt about McManus’ attachments, in my judgement.

  6. I am surprised to hear that there is no major chapter dealing with the most sophisticated and significant thought leader of the IDW, Dave Rubin.

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